口罩争议； COVID-19的疫苗更新(新冠讲座78)

Update 78: Mask Controversy; Vaccine Update for COVID-19

本文由 ‘中国推动’ 学者、吉林大学医学院毛宗韬同学翻译、编辑。

口罩争议；COVID-19的疫苗更新（新冠讲座78）

Welcome to another medcram COVID-19 update! Really quickly looking at the United States daily new cases seem to continue to slowly head down. And also, this is mirrored and the daily Deaths United States as a whole. However, in some states like California, we’ve seen some of our highest cases on a daily basis just recently. Daily deaths also really haven’t come down much either.

欢迎来到medcram 新冠肺炎最新进展！ 快速浏览一下，美国每日新增确诊病例似乎仍继续缓慢下降。另外这是反映美国每日新增死亡病例。 但是在像加利福尼亚这样的某些州，我们最近每天都在看到一些近期来讲数量最高的日增病例，每天的死亡人数也确实没有下降太多。

New York is still the state with the most amount of infections. However, their daily new cases have really come down. And that is also married in the daily deaths in New York state. However, in some states like Texas again, we haven’t seen really much of a decrease. Looking around the world, Brazil has really taken off in terms of daily new cases. And that’s a situation that will be looking at. And of course, Brazil has the deaths to go along with that. Fortunately, we’re seeing in Russia kind of a leveling off of the surge that they had in the last few weeks.

纽约仍然是感染最多的州。 但是他们的每日新增确诊病例确实下降了， 而且在纽约州的每日新增死亡病例中也是如此。 但是，在像德克萨斯州这样的一些州，我们并没有看到太大的新增病例减少。 放眼世界，巴西每日新增确诊病例数量都在上升，这是我们需要关注的情况。当然，巴西也有与之伴随的每日新增死亡病例。 幸运的是，我们在俄罗斯看到的是他们过去几周的激增势头趋于平稳。

And because deaths are usually lagging behind, we may be starting to see a decrease in that too. Of course, India being a very large country of about 1.3 billion is also starting to see an increase in Daily new cases now almost approaching 10,000 cases a day. And they also have the daily death rate to go with that as well. So, things to keep an eye on. Of course, we’re keeping an eye on Australia because they are headed into winter. So far so good.

因为死亡率通常是滞后的，我们可能会开始看到死亡率也开始下降。当然，印度是一个拥有13亿人口的大国，每日新增确诊病例也开始增加，现在几乎每天有1万例。与之伴随而来的，他们也有每日新增死亡率。所以，需要密切关注情况。当然，我们正在密切关注澳大利亚，因为它们即将进入冬季。到目前为止，一切都好。

There’s been some recent discussion about face masks or face coverings, cloth face coverings and whether or not it should be mandatory to wear it or not. And you may recall early on in February the Surgeon General was telling us not to get face mask. I think at this point the major organizations like the CDC and the WHO have sort of landed in their respective areas in terms of their recommendation on wearing face masks.

最近有一些关于口罩或面罩，布面罩以及是否应该强制佩戴他们的讨论。你可能记得二月份早些时候，卫生局局长告诉我们不要戴口罩。我认为主要的组织，如美国疾控中心和世界卫生组织已经从各自的角度提出了关于戴口罩的建议。

So you can see here, the CDC has definitely come down on the side of the use of cloth face coverings. They say here your cloth face covering may protect them and their cloth face covering may protect you. And we will put a link to this article in the description below. And basically, what they’re saying here is that the virus can spread a symptomatically when people are just talking with each other and so they say because of this evidence the CDC is recommending wearing face coverings in public settings where you might meet in grocery stores and pharmacies, etc. Etc.

你可以看到，美国疾控中心绝对支持使用布面覆盖物。他们说你的布面罩可以保护他们，他们的布面罩可以保护你。我们将在下方的描述中添加这篇文章的链接。大体上，他们这里所说的是当人们互相交谈时病毒可以传播症状。他们说因为这个证据，美国疾控中心建议在公共场合戴着面罩,比如：可能会在杂货店和药店，等等。

Now this is a little bit different than what is going on over at the WHO. And here’s the link for that. You can see World Health Organization. And you can see here, it says if you are healthy, you only need to wear a mask if you’re taking care of a person with COVID-19. You can wear a mask if you’re coughing or sneezing etc.

现在，这与世界卫生组织正在推荐使用的情形有些不同，这是该链接。 您可以看到世界卫生组织。 您会在这里看到，它说，如果您健康，则只有在照顾新冠肺炎患者时才需要戴口罩。 如果您咳嗽或打喷嚏等，可以戴口罩。

So why is there a difference between these two recommendations? And it may have to do with the fact that the WHO is also in effect for people in countries who can’t afford universal face masks. And if everyone started to go out and get the face masks, then they may not have enough for the health care providers who are taking care of patients with COVID-19.

那么为什么这两种建议会有区别呢?这可能与以下事实有关:世界卫生组织也在帮助那些买不起通用口罩的国家的人们。如果每个人都开始外出戴口罩，那么他们可能没有足够的口罩给正在照顾新冠肺炎患者的医护人员。

Now I want to show you some interesting research that was published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Visualizing Speech-Generated Oral Fluid Droplets with Laser Light Scattering. And I want to show you what the differences between wearing a mask and not wearing a mask in terms of the droplets that you see with laser light scattering. Let’s take a look at a video.

现在我想给你们看一些发表在新英格兰医学杂志上的有趣的研究，用激光散射来可视化语言产生的口腔液滴。我想向你们展示从通过激光散射看到的水滴角度，戴口罩和不戴口罩的区别。让我们来看一段视频。

So here it is without a mask.

-Now I’m recording.

-Stay healthy.

-Great.

-Stay healthy.

-Great, less loud.

-Stay healthy.

所以这是没有面罩。

–现在我在录音。

–保持健康。

–大声点。

–保持健康。

–很好，大声点。

–保持健康。

(With mask)

Go.

-Are you recording?

-Yeah, stay healthy.

-Louder.

-Stay healthy.

-Louder.

-Stay healthy.

-Nothing.

开始播放。

–你在录音吗？

–是的，保持健康。

–大声点。

–保持健康。

–大声点。

–保持健康。

–什么也没有。

So you can see perhaps why the CDC is recommending when you’re in the store, going out in the public, you may want to continue to wear a face mask.

The next thing I want to talk about is this website. Now, we’ve used a number of websites in our regular COVID-19 updates, like the Johns Hopkins in the worldometer. I think as we go forward, this is going to be a regular one that we do look at. Because it’s talking about something that we’re looking forward to and that is a vaccine.

下一个我想讲的是这个网站。现在，我们在定期更新新冠肺炎时使用了许多网站，比如约翰霍普金斯大学的世界计量器。我认为随着时间的推移，这将成为我们要关注的一个常规网站。因为讨论的是我们期待的东西——疫苗。

So this is put on by RAPS.org and RAPS stands for Regulatory Affairs professional society. And what this is a COVID-19 vaccine tracker. So this is a really nice way of looking. I basically just showed 50 entries and I clicked trial phase. And you can see here, they’ve got the candidate name, the sponsor, what trial phase that they’re in, the name of the institution and the amount of funding that’s going, and you can search this currently. There’s about 28 of these on here. So they’re not all here.

这是在RAPS.org发布的，RAPS是监管事务专业协会的缩写。这是COVID-19疫苗追踪器，是一种很好的观察方法。我基本上只展示了50个条目，然后点击“试用阶段”，你可以在这里看到，他们有候选名单，赞助者，他们所处的试验阶段，机构的名字和正在进行的资金数额，你现在可以搜索这个，这里大概有28个。所以他们并不都在这里。

But you can see we’ll talk about Moderna. I will come back to them about what phase are in Phase One. There you can see. But here’s an mRNA lipid nanoparticle. Here’s a COVID-19 S-trimer with various adjuvant candidates. Here’s another mRNA. This is the one that we know we’ve talked about before Moderna. So Phase one is looking at safety, Phase two is looking at ramping it up in terms of size and safety, and Phase 3 of course is the randomized control trial right before FDA approval, some of these are preclinical as you can see.

但你可以看到，我们会讨论Moderna。我会回到什么是一期试验，你可以看到。这是一个mRNA脂质纳米颗粒；这是带有多种佐剂的COVID-19 S-三聚体；这是另一个信使RNA，是我们在Moderna之前讨论过的。一期试验着眼于安全性，二期试验着眼于扩大规模和安全性，三期试验当然是FDA批准前的随机对照试验。如你所见，其中一些是临床前试验。

So when you get to one that you want to know more about like the Moderna one you can just click on this and it’ll expand. They’ll tell you all about the background. There’s even links to outcome Phase one data in this case. And so there will be updating this website every week or so. So here’s the relevant information for the Moderna mRNA, the one we’ve been looking at here. But we can look at a number of these, it always goes back to the default which is showing 10 entries. So if you just click 50 and click phase trial will be able to see which ones you want to see.

当你想了解更多的时候比如Moderna你可以点击这个，它就会展开。

他们会告诉你所有的背景。在这种情况下，甚至与一期试验的数据有联系。所以大概每周都会更新这个网站。这是与Moderna mRNA相关的信息，就是我们一直在看的那个。但是我们可以看看这些，它总是回到默认值，显示10个条目。如果你点击50，点击阶段试验就能看到你想看的。

This one here, which is in Phase 2 / 3 is the BCG ones. Take a look at that one. And this was done to prevent tuberculosis, of course. And we talked about this in previous medcram updates where there may be some added effects against the coronavirus with these BCG vaccines. And we showed that that paper that was published from a university in Texas. It was a non–peer reviewed paper posted in March on the preprint server medRxiv suggested that countries with BCG vaccination programs at childhood are faring better in the fight against COVID-19 compared to countries that didn’t. And if we click on faring better, we come to that paper that we talked about before. And you can see it.

这个是在二期/三期的BCG。看看那个。当然，这是为了预防肺结核。我们在以前的medcram更新中谈到了这一点，其中使用这些BCG疫苗可能会对冠状病毒产生更多的影响。我们展示了该论文是从德克萨斯州的一所大学发表的。 这是3月份在预印本服务器medRxiv上发表的未经同行评审的论文，该论文建议，在与COVID-19的斗争中，有儿童接种BCG疫苗计划的国家与未计划接种的国家相比，情况要好得多。如果我们点击情况更好， 我们来看看之前讨论过的那篇论文。 您可以看到它。

So I think this is a really nice Clearinghouse for the vaccines that are currently underway. And if you want to research those, this is a really nice resource. I also wanted to let you know that Sunday night. We did our very first live stream on the medcram YouTube channel and we’ll be planning on doing this on a weekly basis generally Sunday nights. We’ll see how things go. But yeah, we were getting questions from the audience and it was a very nice active session and we look forward to doing that more often. Thanks for joining us.

所以我认为对于目前正在研究的疫苗来说，这是一个很好的交流中心。如果你想研究这些，这是一个很好的资源。我还想告诉你那个周日晚上，我们在medcram YouTube频道做了第一次直播，我们计划每周都做，通常是周日晚上，我们会视情况看如何推进。但是，是的，我们从观众那里得到了问题，这是一个非常好的积极的会议，我们期待经常开展。感谢收看我们的节目。